Providing an Enabling Environment for Children

Providing an Enabling Environment for Children Environment plays an important role in a childs development and learning. Childs experience at early age constitutes a major influence on his / her life in the future changes. Assurance, safety and a happy childhood is important. This provides a foundation for children reveal skills and talents as they get older. It is important to understand how each aspect of the environment influences the childs life. Favorable environment encourages play, because children feel comfortable and relaxed. When children feel emotionally safe and secure, they are able to explore and find out about the place where they are and the things they can see, touch, manipulate or maneuver. Children develop and learn in the environment where their individual needs are expressed, as well as the relationships between the employees and them are positive. Positive environment helps a child to become independent and gain confidence in learning new skills and also achieve a sense of dependency. Environment is characterized by three aspects. Its emotional environment, outdoor environment and indoor environment. These three aspects are the context for games and learning. The emotional environment is more than a physical space. This is because children share emotions as well as parents and members of staff. The emotional environment is an invisible tool to assess feelings. Sometimes it can be a feel-good factor when all the people in that environment feels good. And for others it may not pose such a positive feelings in an environment where people don`t feel happy. It is important to maintain positive feelings and tightened feel safe emotional environment, because if children feel safe and equally, they can express feelings in a safe knowledge and they know that their employees or parents are near and ready to help. The ways to teach children in which they speak and express feelings, allowing them visually express it safely, rather than hold tight it to yourself and leave it a s a secret. It is important to express feelings safely and it can be easier resolved than those who remain unresolved. Lets talk about outdoor and indoor environments. So generous indoor environment has a direct impact on childrens learning and development quality. Comfortable, interesting and attractive interior environment which is suitable for use by children is known as a rich environment. This is the environment which becomes a second home for a child. There they sleep, play, eat or spend time by doing something else. Suitable environment is slightly different from the childs age. For example, for a group ofchildren under two years old, is three and a half square meters of space per child required and from two to three-year-old c hild needs just two and a half square meters of space required. But I will discuss it more detailed a bit later. Most importantly, the environment where children feel happy and secure. Inside area must be carefully planned in order to accommodate a flexible and changing for child`s needs and interests. Resources should be of the highest quality. Such as drawing tools, t oys or books. A significant benefit is learning outdoor. Ideal conditions, when the children have the opportunity to be outdoors every day, except when weather conditions are not favorable enough. Well, while they are out children are free to move, to breathe clean and fresh air and use all senses like sounds, colors, spaces and a sense of scale. The trust being outside is growing and by support children have the opportunity to play wide, to explain the problems and develop creativity with other children. Physical activity in outdoor environment is enhanced. Well, and the resources do not need to be expensive. This can be logs, boxes, old tires or anything else that encourages imagination and creativity using these resources in different ways. A good idea would be to establish a place of nature in where trees grow or can be ability to plant flowers. This creates greater contact with the natural world. Outdoor environment supports active learning. When this is combined with a peacefu l place for reflection, it can really improve the lives of children. Lets move on to the next important issue. This is a safe but challenging environment. What is it and what it brings to children? I will discuss the factors you need to consider when planning a safe but challenging environment. The meaning is that the child must be safe, but has a challenging environment. Because it increases the life skills which has a positive impact on all aspects of development. Creating an environment child increases self-confidence and allows him / her to see the deeper perspectives of life decisions. It is vitally important to have a safe environment in preventing incidents and reducing the risk. Parents do not need to worry about any hazard but feel calm. Each activity involves certain risks and the likelihood of children must learn how to deal with it. They need to see and survive, suffer the consequences, when absent careful. It is important to teach children to accept personal risk assessment and think about the possible consequences of their actions. Adult s should teach children safely use the equipment. It is important to protect children from harm and danger conscious when allowed to develop independently. We are surrounded by hazards and risk, so we need to evaluate risk. The environment risk in the setting is minimal, but it is important to know. What is the difference between risk and hazard is easy to understand. This is a concept which is the relationship between. So, there is a potential risk of injury causes and risk of injury is more likely. If all other factors are equal, in particular position of people and entities to, then the risk is proportional to the degree of risk. Nevertheless, all other factors are very rarely equal. The risk of doing something that has a chance of bad development. A hazard is something that is a bad influence on the development. As we see the difference between these two concepts are not big because they influence each other. This means that the chance to influence the risk of an event or a caus e is 50:50. The danger is that what influences incident such as liquid spills on the floor. It is very important for risk assessment. This work, which has a potential to cause injury to people needs careful observation. There are five basic steps that will help to assess the hazards in the work environment. The first thing to identify, characterize, and then find out how to deal with who can be injured. The third step is to remove risk precautionary decision. Fourth step and record the findings of their realization and evaluation and finally review and update if necessary. I will tell an example of how to manage the risk assessment. So, there are people who are reported to risk assessments. This can be a room leader. Hazards such as subsidence due to the mess is resolved simply by removing toys from the floor, when not in use. Also mats are cleaned every day and spills immediately cleared. Wash the bedding at least once a week and given to the appropriate child. Managers will advise what the potential risks are. A big plus is to hold meetings and discuss about it. Everyone who works in the nursery is responsible for security. Observation at changing conditions of risk assessment is needed. If you noticed a dangerous situation, it is necessary to report it. As we can clearly see, the practitioner`s role is important. Lets start from the environment. A practitioner has to monitor the environment, develo it to be advantageous. This person must create environment for the child which promotes the childs development. This staff member has to provide a positive environment for all childrens needs including physical, language, emotional and social. Environment must take individual needs of the child, stimulate, provide opportunities for any type of games and activities. It must also meet the positive social interaction and physical development. When the children are older, the practitioner can help children understand how they can protect themselves, how to comply with the safety requirements, and what they do. I will speak more about this a little bit later. The emotional environment provides an ability for children to express their feelings, they are more likely to explore the knowledge and feel safe. So practitioner should encourage a child ren to express their feelings and allow them to talk and develop active listening skills. A practitioner has a very important role on daily activities. There are other people who are great assistance. Including General manager, health visitor, a pediatrician, social workers, dentists, psychotherapists, speech and language therapist, emergency service and other agencies, such as Ofsted. A brief description of the main responsibilities of a teacher or a health visitor is that those people managers you. Health and safety officer monitors and provides procedures for records and reports. Local manager makes decitions on the removal of barriers of health and safety. And as I said all employees report any information relating to health and safety. Well, on health and safety issues employees have many duties and responsibilities. An employee takes care of the safety of children while they are playing, also draws attention to the room lighting, furniture, security, hot seasons arrange for th e safety of children, such as put suncream when children go outside, advised to wear hats and so. Also, as I mentioned earlier worker prepares records, evaluate safety. Potential hazards to health, safety and protection of the work environment is diverse, including lighting, temperature, tired rooms, ventilation, toleto premises and the like. Then the employee starts work he / she must be informed about health, safety and security procedures. He / she must report about their individual needs, desires, preferences and choices. This is in order to ensure safety. It is important to act in accordance with the role and limits the personal liability of relations to solve health and safety issues when necessary. No less important aspect is the report on health and safety issues and let the right people to complete the safety and health records according to legal and organizational requirements. Risk reduction and work with others is necessary in order to minimize the risk of potential risk s in the setting. The employee must ensure that their personal health and hygiene is not a threat to others. Similarly, a person working in the nursery must ensure that the right people aware of his whereabouts at all times. Health hazards and safety inspection and security risks at work is required in taking appropriate action if there were expected incident, injury or trauma. Health and safety is the most important factor speculating the appropriate environment for learning and development. Let`s have a look at regulatory requirements that must be followed for the organization of the environment for children. As I mentioned, all suppliers are required to perform the requirements of space environment, as well as the proportion of workers. These requirements shall be calculated with Ofsted, the place registered and they give the maximum allowed number of children to be in the setting at the same time. The staff coefficient ensures the safety of children, as well as children can be o bserved in their surroundings. As I wrote earlier calculate the area of child age groups takes an important part. Children under two years of age must have a three and a half square meter for each child group located. Also, children of this age group have at least one qualified employee with level 3 of child care and at least half of the staff trained to work with babies and children up to two years. And also three children through ratio has at least one qualified personnel. A group of children from two to three years through ratio four children have at least one qualified employee. Children in the age group of three years and older are required by a qualified worker for eight children and one child found the space of two and three-tenths square meters. Indoor environment of children from birth to three years should have an ability to monitor older children and that is how children get the social and emotional development. Well, from three to five years age group rooms could be repl aced by a script of play and exploration. Well, and the outdoor environment is also different for children ages recommendations. The main thing is the social, intellectual, physical and emotional development. It is recommended to use safety equipment such as protective plug sockets, radiator protection, window protection, locked gates, high chair or stair gate. When planning the organizations environment all fire exits should be kept clean, the furniture does not interfere with the children, a place for children to sleep should be separate and most importantly, all the areas should be visible to the employee. There are laws to be respected. These are the basic laws. First is Health and Safety at work act, 1974 which provides a framework for ensuring the health and safety of all employees in any work activity. Next one is Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations ( COSHH) and these regulations require employers to assess and prevent the risks to health from use of any haz ardous substances used in workplace. So obligations to employers are to assess the risks, decide what precautions are needed, ensure that control measures are utilised and maintained, monitor exposure, etc. and the other regulations which are designed to bring the United Kingdom into line with European laws are The Healt and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981, Reporting of Injuries, Disease and Dangerous Occurences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR), Fire Precaution (Workplace) Regulations 1997 and The Food Handling Regulations 1995. Security controlled actions must be such as: supervised who have a right to be in that environment, used to validate the methods and procedures when there is a risk of potentially promising activity, including the correct movement and storage techniques wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment. It is important to take appropriate and immediate action. Such as the use and storage of equipment and materials, when you want to deal with such things as spills or debris dispositive. These examples require hygiene. Finally, it would be a good idea to include grandparents, aunts, uncles and other relatives. It shows respect for the individual needs of children and families and combines their characteristics and communication with members. This will also helps to feel at home as well as allowing to settle and explore. The wider community also plays an important role in childrens learning and development. When a child is determined by what he / she needs to, other professionals are vital to their care, training and development, and they are ready work with other professionals.

Essay on Rationality in Homer’s Odyssey -- Homer Odyssey Essays

The Importance of Rationality in Homer’s Odyssey In the epic poem, Odyssey, Homer provides examples of the consequences of impulsive and irrational thinking, and the rewards of planning and rationality. Impulsive actions prove to be very harmful to Odysseus. His decisions when he is escaping the cave of the Cyclops lead to almost all his troubles through his journey. As Odysseus flees the cave, he yells back "Cyclops - if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so - say Odysseus, raider of cities, he gouged out you eye." This enrages the giant, and he prays to Poseidon "grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, Laertes' son who makes his home in Ithaca, never reaches home. Or if he's fated to see his people once again, let him come home late and come a broken man - all shipmates lost, alone in a stranger's ship - and let him find a world of pain at home!" In the end, all these things the Cyclops asks come to pass. Odysseus also makes the mistake of ignoring Circe's command. Circe had said to forgo putting on fighting gear, or the monster Scylla will cause his crew harm. "But now I cleared my mind of Circe's orders - cramping my style, urging me not to arm at all. I donned my heroic armor, seized long spears in both my hands and marched out on the half-deck." Because he ignores those orders given by Circe, the six headed monster Scylla snatches six of the crewmembers and eats them alive. The impulses of Odysseus' crewmembers also impede his journey. The ship had reached the Aeolian Island, home of Aeolus the master of all winds. He gave Odysseus a bag "binding inside the winds that how from every quarter, with the power to calm them down or rouse them as he pleased... ...cates stories of his journeys for them. He even fools his son, Telemachus, for a time, all to ensure that his plans are not compromised. Eventually he reveals himself to his son, saying, "No other Odysseus will ever return to you." Odysseus carries out his plans carefully and methodically. He even has the gall to speak to his own wife, never telling her of the truth. He plans the suitors' deaths, first to surprise them when he strings his own bow, much to the surprise of the suitors. Odysseus quickly and brutally kills the suitors with help from Athena and Telemachus. He covers up the slaughter inside his house by dancing and singing, and people who walked by outside thought "A miracle - someone's married the queen at last!" It is easily seen that throughout Homer’s Odyssey, rationality and crafty thinking prevails over impulse and irrationality.

On the Entrapment and Incarceration of the Victorian Woman Essay

Thomas Blackburn describes the two Victorian poets, Robert Browning and Alfred, Lord Tennyson as being great contemporaries (47). As such it is apt that their works should muse upon and explore similar topics and themes. Their connection is especially evident in Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess† and Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott†. The themes of entrapment and incarceration feature heavily in both of these works. Specifically, it is the entrapment and incarceration of women which pervade their respective compositions. When taking into consideration the way in which women were viewed at this juncture in history- being nothing more than â€Å"beautiful objects† (Gilbert and Gubar 54), it is quite easy to see how the literary representations of the nineteenth century woman would be responses to such confines. While â€Å"My Last Duchess† can be looked upon as an investigation of the captor, represented by the Duke; â€Å"The Lady of Shalo tt† can be considered an exploration into the captive, represented by the Lady that gives the poem its title. Both poems are an analysis into the Victorian woman as an incarcerated and entrapped sub-culture of a predominately patriarchal society. It is no surprise then that the methods of which these fictional women take to escape comes at the cost of their lives. The doomed Duchess of Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is the embodiment of the incarcerated woman taken to the eternal extreme. The setting for this poem is the Italy of the Middle Ages, a time when women had still less freedom than in the Victorian era. Women were regarded as possessions, a form of imprisonment within itself. As Johnson states the theme of â€Å"marriage as bondage† is consistently explored throughout Browning’s early wor... ...y 16.1 (1978): 70-87. Jospeh, Gerhard. "Tennyson's Optics: The Eagle's Gaze." PMLA 92.3 (1977): 420-428. Langbaum, Robert. The Poetry of Experience: The Dramatic Monologue in Modern Literary Tradition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1957. McGhee, Richard. Marriage, Duty, & Desire in Victorian Poetry and Drama. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1980. Orr, Mrs. Sutherland. Handbook to Robert Browning's Works. 6th Edition. London: George Bell and Sons, 1899. Plasa, Carl. ""Cracked from Side to Side": Sexual Politics in "The Lady of Shalott"." Victorian Poetry 30.3 (1992): 247-263. Ricks, Christopher. Tennyson. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1972. Showalter, Elaine and English Showalter. "Victorian Women and Menstruation." Victorian Studies 14.1 (1970): 83-89. Showalter, Elaine. "Victorian Women and Insanity." Victorian Studies 23.2 (1980): 157-181.

History and Advantages of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay -- Artificial

The History and Advantages of High Fructose Corn Syrup HFCS is a popular sweetener used in processed foods. It is composed of approximately 50% fructose and 50% glucose. It is made from corn starch with the use of enzymes to convert glucose to fructose. It has many advantages over cheap sugar, including, but not limited to, lower price, longer shelf life, low freezing point, and enhanced taste and texture. Corn refinement was first discovered circa 1860, and was soon followed by the development of corn syrup. Important advantages took place in the 1920’s with the use of enzymes, but it was not until the mid-1900’s when the crucial glucose isomerase enzyme was discovered. Industrial production of HFCS began in the 1970’s and today the industry is huge. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a sweetener used in many consumer products. Because it is as sweet as sugar, yet cheaper, HFCS is used in many processed food products. Like sugar, it has four calories per gram and has no added artificial or synthetic materials. HFCS is made from corn refinement. First, starch must be separated from the rest of the corn. The starch is then treated with the enzyme glucose isomerase, which converts glucose into fructose. Fructose is an isomer of glucose; both have the empirical formula C6H12O6, but in different bonding. Glucose and fructose bonded together make sucrose, commonly known as table sugar. However, they are found separately in HFCS. Supporters of HFCS claim that it causes no more harm to the body than sugar does because both HFCS and sugar have fructose and glucose in approximately one to one ratios. There are three main types of HFCS: HFCS-42, HFCS-55, HFCS-90. HFCS-42 is 42% fructose and 50% glucose. It is the least sweet of the ... ... Shaft." Freedom Daily Apr. 1998. The Future of Freedom Foundation. 25 July 2006 . Path: James Bovard; FFF articles; The Great Sugar Shaft "Corn Subsidies in United States." Environmental Working Group's Farm Subsidy Database. Nov. 2005. Environmental Working Group. 25 July 2006 . Path: Top Programs; Corn Subsidies. HFCS Facts. 25 July 2006 . "High Fructose Corn Syrup." Learn about Kosher. OU Kosher. 25 July 2006 . "Vignette 4 Bioprocess Engineering for High-Volume Products: The Case of Corn and the Wet-Milling Industry." Putting Biotechnology to Work: Bioprocess Engineering. 1992. 27-29. The National Academic Press. 25 July 2006 .

Essay about myself Essay

A New Beginning I was born in the Dominican Republic â€Å"Quisqueya la Bella† as we called it, and I used to live with my Parents and two elder sisters, my mother worked as a teacher, and my father was a policeman. Then my father dies when I was only 11 years old, and two years after that, my mother Met Miguel; and they fell in love, and got married. Then Miguel, now my stepfather came to the U.S. and Five years later he gives us the news that we have to move to the U.S. in November of 2011, I moved to the U.S with my mother and sisters, but I had no say in whether I wanted to go or not, and I just Went. My mother said we had to go for a better life. moving to the U.S. was a hard change for me and meant I had to start all over again and go to a new school and make new friends. Also I had to leaving everything I ever knew behind to move Into a foreign country. They say it’s hard to move from a place to another, but, it’s even worst than they say, because it’s not an easy thing moving and living in another country, because your life as you know it changes. when I first arrived, I felt like a stranger; there were people everywhere talking different languages, besides buildings and bright lights, also a lot of noise and family that I didn’t even knew came to visit us with gifts. Around a few months later, I finally got enrolled in school. however when entering a new school, I didn’t Know anyone, and there was a big cultural and language gap that separated me from the rest of the students, I dreaded the fact that I had to go to school there. I missed my friends and family back in the Dominican Republic. I wanted to leave new York and Go back to my â€Å"Quisqueya†. I’ve worked too hard to adapt myself to this new environment and after a time, and step by step, I was feeling comfortable. Then I’d made tons of friends, and I wasn’t feeling like a stranger anymore, finally I felt at home.

Empathy in To Kill A Mockingbird Essay

In the grand scheme of things, each of us is working hard to see ourselves prosper. When we are fighting for survival, why should any of us take the time to feel for our fellow human beings? In her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee implies that having the ability to feel for others or to show empathy not only benefits others, but can lead to personal gains as well. This is best demonstrated through the characters of Atticus, Jem, and Scout Finch. An obvious example of this claim is through the character of Atticus Finch. Because of Atticus’ ability to empathize with everyone, he is well respected by the town, even when he is doing some controversial things such as defending Tom Robinson. Atticus’ use of empathy is apparent during the trial, where Atticus is blaming Mayella Ewell for falsely accusing Tom Robinson of rape. Rather than explicitly attacking Mayella, Atticus says, â€Å"I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness of state, but my pity d oes not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake.† (Lee-203). Atticus is still delivering the same basic message, but rather than blatantly accusing Mayella of lying, he is empathizing with her and in a way justifying her actions, however wrong they may have been. By conveying his points in ways that do not make others feel like they are being personally attacked, Atticus is a well-respected member of society. We learn of the extent of this respect when Scout complains: â€Å"Despite Atticus’ shortcomings as a parent, people were content to reelect him to the state legislature without opposition. I came to the conclusion that people were just peculiar.† (Lee- 243). Even after he lost the controversial Tom Robinson case, the town still elected Atticus to serve on the state legislature since he was so respected because of his ability to empathize with each and every member of Maycomb. We also see this empathy in Jem, who clearly demonstrates more understanding by the end of the novel. We first get a glimpse of this after he helped end Ms. Dubose’s morphine addiction before her eventual death. After she dies, Jem receives a white camellia flower from Ms. Dubose. At first, Jem is angry, since he thinks Ms. Dubose is getting back at him, but Atticus explains how Ms. Dubose was a brave lady because she was able to end her morphine addiction  before she died. â€Å"Jem pic ked up the camellia, and when I went off to bed, I saw him fingering the wide petals.† (Lee-112). Jem is listening to Atticus’ advice and is trying to empathize with Ms. Dubose, whom he is finally able to respect. We see Jem’s newfound maturity develop throughout the novel. After Atticus loses the case, Jem begins to make sense of the world. â€Å"If everyone’s alike, why do they go out of their way to despise each other? Scout, I think I’m beginning to understand why Boo Radley’s stayed shut up in the house all this time†¦ it’s because he wants to stay inside.† (Lee-227). Jem is obviously maturing when he empathizes with Boo Radley, a character everyone despises despite not even knowing him. As he makes sense of the world, Jem begins to empathize with even the most unlikely of people, leading to increased wisdom. Even Scout, the least mature and most clueless of the Finches, learns the skill of empathy by the end of the novel. Initially, Scout was always quick to judge others and saw things only as black or white. She saw Aunt Alexandra as mean and unfair. However, she changes her opinion after seeing her aunt stay calm and ladylike even after ne ws of Tom Robinson’s death. â€Å"After all, if Aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I.† (Lee-237). Scout is beginning to respect Aunt Alexandra for her positive aspects, rather than showing disdain for her shortcomings. Scout also demonstrates a heightened sense of understanding to Boo Radley, specifically, when Boo wants Scout to walk him home. â€Å"I would lead him through our house, but I would never lead him home.† (Lee- 278). Scout understands that it would be embarrassing to Boo to have an eight year old girl leading him home and it would give possible onlookers the wrong impression. Instead, Scout had Boo hold her hand so it would look like he is walking Scout, which would seem normal. By empathizing with people she once did not respect, Scout has obviously come a long way from the immature little girl that she was at the start of the novel. Empathy is not just there to make us feel good about ourselves. Rather, the ability to empathize makes us better human beings and it lifts society up as well. The Finch family is a shining example of this ability to empathize, a s they combat racism in To Kill a Mockingbird.

Being a Global Citizen

Global citizenship is a term that is widely used for different purposes and meanings. There is no single agreement on the meaning of global citizenship. As we all know, the world is changing faster than most of us can keep up with, technology is one of those drivers of change and people are becoming more connected to each other around the world than ever before through internet usage. As people become more connected they begin to see themselves becoming a citizen not only through their natural birth place but a citizen of the world. There are many ways to understand citizenship or being a global citizen.Based on the legal-political view, citizenship is a status granted on individuals by political communities that they belong in. It can also be defined as people giving allegiance to a country, they have to accept and uphold the duties, responsibilities and exercise the rights that they are entitled to as citizens such as obeying the laws, paying taxes, serving in the military forces i f they need to, and have rights to participate in the political life by voting and participating in elections. As a citizen it is important to maintain law and order to society.Students around the world are embracing cultural diversity and the school system is teaching the students about them. Throughout global media and technologies, virtually everyone on earth is exposed to foreign ideas and even our own communities are more diversified than ever before. The most important thing to understand about cultural globalization is it is largely driven by corporations, rather than countries. A citizen of the world is someone’s awareness of the world as a global community and recognizing the rights and responsibilities of citizens within it.As a citizen of the world we must stand up to solve poverty, stand up to environmental degradation that is tearing apart our land, stand up and protect our country if it is being threatened, and be an activist against anything that deprive anyone from their rights, life, and pursuit of happiness. It is important to recognize we are not just citizens of our respected countries but citizens in a larger global community. Economically, with the rise of a global economy, we are now more dependent upon people who don’t live in our local communities.Businesses are not restricted to one geographic area or group of the people instead they are everywhere. We are no longer a citizen of our own country, but citizens in a global community. These changes provide opportunities for great collaboration and we can find a way to work together. Global citizenship is seen as a way to reduce differences in quality of life among countries, reduce poverty, and protect the environment. Globalization is seen as a cause that could address worldwide issues such as hunger, malnutrition, and clean water. Protecting the environment and natural resources also becomes part of this concept of citizenship.Being a global citizen is not necessarily bein g a good global citizen. By saying that I mean, we don’t have to be a really rich or anything to be global citizens; just the little step to do something is all it takes. Standing up for something you believe in, helping out the unfortunate, stopping someone from saying a racist comment is all part of being global citizens. A citizen of the world would be one who sees an opportunity to influence a global decision and accepts the behavior that comes with it. All individuals have duties and responsibility of doing that.